Opening of the fifth seal
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(b Eibar, nr. Bilbao, 26 July 1870; d Madrid, 31 Oct. 1945). Spanish painter. He came from a long line of craftsmen (his father was a metalworker) and was mainly self-taught as an artist. Much of his career was spent in Paris, where he was friendly with Degas, Gauguin, and Rodin, but his art is strongly national in style and subject matter. Bullfighters, gypsies, and brigands were among his subjects, and he also painted religious scenes and society portraits (these were one of the main sources of the considerable fortune he earned). His inspiration came from the great Spanish masters of the past, notably Velázquez and Goya, and he is credited with being one of the first to ‘rediscover’ El Greco. He had a great reputation in his lifetime (unusually for a Spanish artist, his standing was higher abroad than at home), but his work now often looks rather stagy.
There are museums devoted to him in Segovia and the Basque fishing port of Zumaya, two of his principal places of work in Spain.
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Biography
Spanish Basque painter. He studied in Paris in 1891, coming under the influence of Impressionism and of the group of Catalan painters around Santiago Rusinol. His visit to Andalusia in 1892 provided the key to his later work, leading him to replace the grey tonalities of his Paris paintings with more brightly coloured images of Spanish folkloric subjects and of male or female figures in regional dress, for example Merceditas (1911/13; Washington, National Gallery of Art). Zuloaga turned to Castilian subjects in works such as Segoviano and Toreros de Pueblo (both 1906; both Madrid, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo) after the defeat suffered by Spain in the Spanish-American War of 1898; like the group of writers known as the 'Generation of '98', with whom he was associated and who were among his most articulate supporters, he sought to encourage the regeneration of his country's culture but with a critical spirit.
Zuloaga attached to the nationalist Falangist forces during the Spanish Civil War and the dictatorial regime of the Generalissimo Franco, whose fawning portrait
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Eusebio Zuloaga
Spanish gunsmith (1808–1898)
Eusebio Zuloaga González (15 December 1808 in Madrid – 1898 in Deusto, Bilbao), was a Spanish gunsmith. He is considered the initiator of the art of modern damascening. He was the first Spanish artist who achieved an international reputation, participating in the first international exhibition, The Great Exhibition in London in 1851. He received several awards in Spain, England, France, and Belgium. Zuloaga was director of the Royal Armoury of Madrid. Zuloaga served as head of the Royal Factory of La Moncloa.
Born in Madrid in 1808, he was the son of an Eibar gunsmith, Blas de Zuloaga, and his wife, Gabriela González. His father was a teacher at the Reales Fábricas de Armas de Placencia in the late eighteenth century.
Zuloaga married Ramona Boneta, a specialist in electroplating. They had three sons, who were artists dedicated to painting, ceramics and metal. Daniel Zuloaga was considered to be one of the innovators of ceramic arts in Spain; his work was continued by his children Candida, Esperanza, Theodora and John. Guillerm
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